Journal 7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Diary 7 - Essay Example A non-local presented to a steady domain is bound to learn great English twice as first as a non-local presented to a less strong setting. All things considered, it is the essential obligation regarding the non-locals to make a solid effort to accomplish great elocutions and sentence structure. They should rehearse on word elocutions and be prepared to gain from the locals. Articulating words gradually is a working arrangement towards beating a highlight, and it has shared bit of leeway since the audience can comprehend, and the speaker culminates on better ways to express English words. Non-local speakers experience word determination issues while talking with the others. Poor word choice can prompt the audience neglecting to understanding the speaker or making of wrong observations. The sentences underneath shows how of wrong way to express words by non-locals make wrong comprehension to the audience. Non-local: having a â€Å"desert† makes me glad and I anticipate having one each time. - Most non-locals have issues articulating the word dessert and articulate it as desert that would make another significance to the sentence. Maintaining a strategic distance from such words and utilizing straightforward terms is important for the non-local to talk obviously. It would have been simpler for a non-local to state â€Å"I appreciate taking something other than what's expected after a fundamental meal† A local speaker would have obviously comprehended the importance Non-local: I â€Å"accept† the terms and conditions. †Non-locals have issues articulating the words acknowledge and expect and in such a sentence, wrong elocution would influence the significance to the audience. Utilizing an alternate word such â€Å"I concur with the terms and conditions† would have been simpler to articulate, and the audience would have comprehended. All in all, the individuals around a non-local speaker can be extremely compelling to how well he/she learns English. Right selection of words is critical for the viability of exchanges and better

Do footballers get paid too much free essay sample

I might want in any case saying that I in sincere belief accept that most of footballers get paid excessively. The normal head alliance footballer compensation have reached ? 22,353 per week this is before the over the top rewards this indicates ? 1. 16million every year!! Anyway everything relies upon what you mean by footballer. A footballer could be anybody that plays football, so this implies not all footballers even get paid (as a footballer). So ‘Do Footballers Get Paid Too Much’ is a not entirely clear, and doesn’t have a straightforward yes no answer. Likewise being a footballer is a truly erratic activity and in the event that you abruptly get a physical issue your entire profession would be finished and you would have nothing to swear by than the cash that you have as of now win. They additionally have travel the world over so regularly consecutive to play coordinates to a great extent which are as you could envision depleting work. We will compose a custom paper test on Do footballers get paid excessively? or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Most footballers quit playing calm youthful, as a rule around the age 30. So in the event that you begin playing head association at age 25, at that point you must be playing for a long time. Furthermore, in light of the fact that football is very requesting most footballers probably won't have numerous different capabilities with the goal that they could find a sensibly paid line of work after they quit playing football. Anyway I’m not going to deny that prem group footballer do get paid an excess of cash. This cash could be utilized to better the nation in different manners. The cash could be utilized to improve the NHS or different zones that need intense consideration. On the off chance that you analyze the compensation pay of a specialists who can acquire a fundamental pay of between ? 29,000 and ? 44,000 every year, to a prem alliance footballer who could acquire up to ? 1. 16 million every year you can perceive how wrecked the framework is! Contrasting the two employments together you can perceive how much harder a specialists work is. We put our life in the hands of a specialist yet a prem footballer gets paid almost ? 1 million more! I might want to close by saying that everyone’s qualified for their own supposition yet I accept that footballers get paid an excessive amount of for the little that they do. Furthermore, that we should quit paying them so much and begin to pay our different callings increasingly like specialists, medical attendants, specialists, fighters and so on significantly more cash.

Freshman Year Reflections

Freshman Year Reflections As the academic year at the University of Illinois wraps up, the time for reflection is upon all students. And luckily, I have the opportunity to share my realizations with you, the future of Illinois. I have developed three pieces of advice for a students first semester at college. Be Proactive Gif from Giphy.com First things first, college is not like high school at all. In high school, most of you have  eight class periods a day with a lunch and a study hall, meaning six classes of homework per night. A big misconception is that, because you only have three or four classes a day in college, the homework load is lighter. This is absolutely false. Each class can give anywhere from one to three hours of homework per night, which adds up after three classes a day. Doing work in advance is the best tip I can give and will save you a lot of stress in the long run. Be Positive Gif from Giphy.com A bad attitude will get you nowhere in both college and life in general. There will be times that the stress seems like too much, and there will be times when you are bored out of your mind. Staying positive is key. Positivity is contagious and leads to the best educational environment. Balance is Everything Gif from Giphy.com The pressure is on for your first semester at college. There will be an overload of school work and social events, and it may seem hard to pick and choose priorities. Be mindful of all of the options in front of you, while remembering that there is more to your college experience than grades. College is not strictly social or academic, but a nice balance of the two. Most of all, enjoy every moment and embrace every opportunity. Four years will go faster than you can believe at the University of Illinois! Rachel Class of 2020 I am studying Middle Grades Education with concentrations in Social Sciences and Literacy in the College of Education. Although I now reside in Champaign, I am originally from Vernon Hills, a Northwest suburb of Chicago.

Critique Of The Great Divorce - 1898 Words

Critique of The Great Divorce The Great Divorce is a wonderful work of literature written by C.S. Lewis about a mans trip on a bus to heaven and an understanding of eternity written form a first person perspective. It starts out with this man getting on a bus with several other people on it; to his surprise the bus begins to fly. After a while in flight the bus begins to descend, and the trees that were once figures far below him begin to get closer and closer until finally he lands on a completely different plant than Earth. One of the first things that he realizes when he, and the others, step off the bus is that the people who he road there with, who were once full figured, regular looking people, had now become ghost; â€Å"man-stains on the brightness of that air,† as he puts. One of the first things that he notices is that the grass and the flowers do not brake when he steps on them they just wave through him. He bends down to attempt to break a blade of grass with the result only ending up in total failure after putting all his strength into it. As they were standing there, all of a sudden spirits (solid people) came out of the distance and ran up to them. Some of the people that accompanied them ran back on the bus while other, including him, stayed. For the next few chapters it is basically him eavesdropping on conversations between the ghost, and the spirits. The first conversation is between two people that clearly knew each other on earth. The spirit had been aShow MoreRelatedDeal Book Essay1524 Words   |  7 PagesDeal Book Critique Liberty University Summary This book gives single parents an ideal of what to expect when dating. When a person has children sometimes it difficult to find a date, even to find time to date someone. Ron L. Deal has come up with different guidelines to help a single person find love in all the right places. 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Colleges Reliance on Standardized Testing Scores for Admission - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 570 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/06/24 Category Management Essay Level High school Tags: Standardized Testing Essay Did you like this example? Many colleges around the world require a certain criteria on standardized test scores in order for being admitted to that particular school. These standardized tests often test a students ability on their literacy, numeracy, and writing skills, which allow a college to know where the students are in there level of education. The topic is sometimes heavily debated on whether or not these test scores show how a student will succeed in the college setting. A standardized test score is not able to measure a person and their ability to do well in school. The human mind is simply too complex that measuring it with only one test score is sometimes not a reliable source. Other factors are sometimes needed to be more carefully considered such as students GPAs, extra curricular activities, or writing a college admission letter showing their intelligence, and much more beyond a single test score. Research works discovered that first-year College Cumulative GPA is the most common and reliable source in determining the successfulness of a student in the college environment (Takele). Standardized testing is not able to test emotional or mechanical intelligence. It is sometimes said that it is only able able to measure memorization and not actual intelligence or comprehension. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Colleges Reliance on Standardized Testing Scores for Admission" essay for you Create order Standardized tests are all structured very similarly. Most test contain around 50 questions per section. It may be difficult to get a accurate result knowing that only 50 questions were asked on 12 years of learning and information. The test is not able to measure all the information and skills that students have been taught over the years of schooling. GPA is able to obtain the knowledge and success of students quite effectively. There is research findings which disclose the contribution of high school GPA in predicting college performance more effective than college entrance test scores (Takele). If the student is taught that only the score matters and not the generalized information in can put the students in a difficult situation to succeed. A large fault that is found in standardized testing in the inconsistency of scores. Students are typically allowed to take these test more than one time. In most cases students would score higher each time, but a study had shown that 22 percent of students who took the ACT decreased their score. This shows that there is an array of results that students can receive. Also the type of gender you are has correlation, most commonly is the science subject. Some tests may be harder the first time then the second; therefore making it unreliable in some situations. Trying to obtain a better score then the previous ones taken is the ultimate goal. This can sometimes test a students ability to prepare for standardized test rather than the generalized content of what students actually need to know. Among some of the negative effects in standard testing, there are many positives to it as well. Standardized testing allows students to get an idea where they are at in terms of readiness and general knowledge in things they have learned over there high school careers. Testing students on these topic spans over a large amount of time on which they have gained this knowledge, and thats why it is one of the few ways to fairly judge where a students skill and knowledge lies. The standardized test are very objective for which students have similar questions, work in like environments, and are graded in a unbiased way.

Era of globalization cultural differences Free Essays

string(55) " to prosecute personal ends at the disbursal of other\." Introduction In this epoch of globalisation in concern environment, companies are spread outing their concern all over the universe, i.e. in different states and each of them with different civilizations. We will write a custom essay sample on Era of globalization cultural differences or any similar topic only for you Order Now One country in peculiar of turning importance is intercultural direction accomplishments. Culture in international concern presents is recognized to hold a major function to play in the international gross revenues, selling, enlisting, direction and amalgamations. â€Å" In short, civilization is behind everything we do or state. † ( www.kwintessential.co.uk ) Therefore, in the international and multi-cultural concern community, there are really much possibilities of misinterpretations which can hold a negative consequence on the people which will intern impact the productiveness of the organisation. This complexness requires a director to accommodate in order to offer modern solutions to these jobs. ( www.kwintessential.co.uk ) Culture is: Something shared by all or about all members of some societal group. Something older members of a group attempt to go through to younger members. Something ( as in the instance of ethical motives, Torahs, and imposts ) that shapes behaviour, or structures one ‘s perceptual experience of he universe. † Therefore civilization is all that one needs to cognize in order to be accepted in a society or an administration which is a sum sum of all the beliefs, values and norms shared by a group of people who have been brought up in a society to believe, experience, construe and respond in a peculiar mode. Or it is a human demand of accommodating to fortunes and conveying these accomplishments and cognition to the following coevalss. It can besides be said as civilization as mental scheduling is besides crystallisation of history in the custodies, heads and Black Marias of the present coevals. ( Hofstede, 2001 ) . This essay will speak about the cultural difference between India which is my place civilization and UK which is the opposite number. I have chosen UK because I have been to UK for my Supervised Work Experience ( SWE ) and during my stay in UK I ne’er paid attending towards the UK civilization dimensions and would now like to analyse with regard to the different theoretical accounts. But before that Lashkar-e-Taibas have a expression at some imposts or values that are followed in these states: India – Hindooism Social freedom amongst the sexes is non appreciated. Use of first name to turn to people is avoided. The method of recognizing depends on the societal position of the individual you are run intoing i.e. if a boy is run intoing his male parent normally he greets him by bowing down and touching his pess. Where as educated people, in concern meeting agitate custodies to welcome or recognize each other. If invited for dinner one may merely hold the dinner with the concern spouse and non the whole household and make non acquire disquieted if you host asks you several times to hold some more nutrient. It is Indian usage to do certain that the invitee does non acquire up hungry from the tabular array. Besides at the tabular array 1 should utilize the right manus in go throughing nutrient as Indian consider left manus as impure. United kingdom: British people are formal, sophisticated, value privateness and are sensitive. Within UK controlled concern environment, maintain decorousness and avoid familiarity in frock and conversation, volume and cheering is excessively forbidden. Family names and first name are preferred. British people are good negotiants as they are tolerant and good hearers. All right manners and good etiquette are expected at all societal occasions. Gift giving is non a normal usage in UK. ( Harris, 2004 A ; Rodrigues, 2001 ) Hofstede Model Cross-cultural survey to happen out the differences in national civilizations, this was done by Hofstede across 60 different states which included matched samples of concern employees. These surveies together identified four independent dimensions of national civilization differences. The dimensions explored werePower distance, Uncertainty Avoidance, Individualism verses Bolshevism and Masculinity verses muliebrity. The first of four dimensions discovered by Hofstede is called power distance. Power distance is the extent to which the less powerful member of an organisation or an establishment accept and expect that the power is distributed unevenly( Hofstede, 2001 ) .The basic job which is prevalent here is to what extent in a civilization the grade of inequality between a less powerful single and a high powerful person is expected and accepted. India stands at the 10/11 place in the study with a mark of 77 whereas Great Britain is on the 42/44 place with a mark of merely 35. ( see appendices- ) For illustration– During my SWE the service operation caput of the whole hotel concatenation was really friendly, who was besides the caput of my section. I used to portion my personal jobs with her and even travel out for dinner. This illustration would be farther analyzed in the competences. The 2nd dimension is labeled as uncertainness turning away ( UA ) . It refers to the extent a civilization or organisation prepares its members to experience comfy or uncomfortable in an unstructured state of affairs ( Hofstede, 2001 ) . The issue involved here is the degree to which a civilization or society would accept rigorous Torahs and ordinances over uncertainness and hazard. States or civilizations hiting high on UA have long history and the population is homogenous. Risks even calculated are avoided and new thoughts and constructs are hard to present whereas states on low UA tonss are wholly opposite. Although there is non much of a difference in the ranks given by Hofstede but still India scores a higher rank than Great Britain, besides this dimension does non hold a major function in the nucleus competences. ( see appendices- ) The 3rd is individuality and Bolshevism which is the grade to which a civilization emphasis on that right of an person as compared to those of a group. Countries hiting high on individuality live in the â€Å" I † civilization and strive for personal ends and accomplishments. In such states it is acceptable to prosecute personal ends at the disbursal of other. You read "Era of globalization cultural differences" in category "Essay examples" Whereas a state hiting low in individuality has the â€Å" we † civilization. Individual desires and end could be suppressed for the good of the group. For Example– In UK civilization people ever consider themselves as an Individual, they are more daunted about themselves even if they belong to same household, whereas in India people consider each other as a portion of a group and that ‘s the ground articulation households still exist in Indian society. The last 1 is maleness and muliebrity which refers to the distribution of function between the two genders i.e. male and female. States with high maleness are observed to hold the undermentioned features i.e. Precedences in life for people are achievement, wealth and enlargement. Normally people settle struggles through aggressive means.Women and work forces have different functions in society. OftenProfessionals in these states work for longer hours and short holidaies. Whereas in counties which are low in maleness the followers is observed. Precedences are the household, relationships and quality of life.Conflicts are normally solved though negotiation.Men and adult females portion equal places in society. Masculinity/Femininity are every bit powerful but in regard to Hofstede, 2006 research both India and UK portion common Masculinity civilization as in both of these civilizations societal gender functions are clearly distinguishable. ( see appendices ) Hall ‘s Model The critical differentiation is made by the anthropologist Edward Hall between high and low- context civilizations and how these contexts have an consequence on communicating. In High Context cultures high context communicating: information is either in the physical context or internalized in the individual with small communicating in the expressed words or message and on the other manus a low context civilization communicating most information is contained in expressed codifications, such as words ( Harris, 2004 ) . High context civilizations depend to a great extent on the external environment, state of affairss, and non-verbal behaviour in making and construing communications. In high context civilizations when persons communicate they try to happen out how much the hearer knows about what is being discussed. Peoples in high context civilizations emphasize on interpersonal relationships, besides developing trust is really of import factor or measure which should be made before get downing a concern. Peoples are collectivized and work on their intuition instead than on grounds and are more indirect every bit good as formal. India is high context civilization. Whereas in Low Context cultures the environment is less of import, and not -verbal behaviour is frequently ignored. While communicating is traveling on the hearer knows nil or small and need to be told about what is being discussed. Peoples in low context civilizations emphasize legal paperss instead than bury personal relationships or trust. Peoples are individualistic and work based on logical logical thinking and non on intuition, besides they are direct and informal. UK is a low context civilization. For illustration– During my SWE I was asked by my co-worker to assist her with the work burden. Alternatively of stating I can non, I said it would be hard. The illustration would be analyzed in the competences countries. The 2nd construct given by Hall was to make with the how different civilizations construction or pull off their clip i.e. polychronic verses the monochronic clip orientation. The polychronic civilizations believe in making many things at one clip and the monochronic civilizations believe in making one undertaking at given point of clip and clip is low-level to interpersonal relationships. UK belongs to monochromic civilization and India is a polychronic civilization. Pigeonholing Another of import factor or variable that the directors in the organisation demand to maintain in head is pigeonholing.â€Å" Stereotypes are set of attitudes that causes us to impute qualities and features to a individual based on the group to which that single belongs. † ( Harris, 2004 ) It fundamentally involves categorising and doing perceptual experiences about people based on one ‘s experiences and it guides one ‘s behaviour towards that group of people in a peculiar manner. Teamwork A squad is a figure of individuals associated in same joint action, while teamwork is described as concerted or co-ordinated attempt on the portion of individuals working together towards the realization of a end ( Harris, 2004 ) . A hotel house can merely last if the employees are ready to work and bring forth an effectual squad. As each and every operation in the cordial reception industry is interrelated to each other. For illustration front office is depended upon housekeeping section for clean suites and eating house is dependent on kitchen for cooking nutrient. Therefore in order to hold a successful multicultural squad member should hold complimentary accomplishments and should believe in favour of the squad. ( illustration see appendices- ) Communication All activities involve communicating. In the planetary epoch different managerial activities like motivation, taking, dialogue interchanging information etc are all based on the director of one civilization to pass on efficaciously and successfully to people of other civilizations. Communication can non merely verbal or written but besides non-verbal i.e. organic structure linguistic communication, looks etc( Adler, 1997 ) .In international Hospitality and Tourism industries linguistic communication plays a really of import function, as both of these industries include direct guest contact ; good linguistic communication and communicating accomplishments can either do or interrupt the feeling of the organisation – particularly hotels. ( illustration see appendices ) Conflict and Negotiation Conflict- â€Å" A province of inharmoniousness between incompatible or antithetical individuals, thoughts, or involvements ; a clang † ( www.ANSWER.COM ) Causes of struggle communicating failure personality struggle value differences end differences methodological differences substandard public presentation deficiency of cooperation differences sing authorization differences sing duty competition over resources non-compliance with regulations ( www.geocities.com ) These are some of the factors which causes struggle in an on the job environment of an organisation which needed to be resolved through assorted manners and agencies Force Negotiate Bargain Avoid Adjustment and Appease ( Mead 1998:2005 ) The most of import tool is negotiation which ‘s is used to decide struggle â€Å" Negotiation is a procedure in which two or more entities come together to discourse common and conflicting involvements in order to make an understanding of common benefit †( Harris, 2004 ). In international concern dialogue, there can be misconstruing due the difference in the civilization to civilization in linguistic communication, cultural conditioning, dialogue manner, attack to job work outing etc. Negotiation plays a really of import function in Hospitality and Tourism Industries, such as dialogue on room rate with invitees and travel agents in different states etc. As India belongs to polychromatic civilization, while taking determinations people from India tend to affect other people ( co-workers ) into the dialogue procedure which makes the procedure longer. This besides confirms the stereotype associated with them. This besides happens as India a leftist and high PDI state. Whereas UK which is monochromatic civilization they see clip as an plus and measure to be scheduled, they emphasize on doing dockets and complete the work or taking the determination in clip. Negotiation can besides be effected by the communicating manner of the state i.e. as explained earlier the construct of high and low context civilizations i.e. misconstruing due to miss of lucidity amongst the two civilizations therefore taking to unsatisfactory consequences of dialogue. Measuring myself- Me, As a director After finishing my brooding pattern assignment and following up the undertakings given to us. After making the Hofstede ‘s mensurating cultural differences approach theoretical account or exercising and I found that I measured maleness more than muliebrity which clarifies that the occupation which is given or I undertake is done to acquire personal sense of achievement and I look for new and ambitious chances for a high success.I would depict my ego as low power distance human being as I would wish to work with those troughs which makes determination by sing all the employees view points instead doing their ain personal determination I would focused more on Bolshevism instead on Individualism as I look for more chances to better upon my accomplishments and develop new accomplishments by accommodating to new on the job conditions ( see appendices- ) Cultures are usually attributed to groups of people but, within group each person has his/her ain person characters which make the individual stand out from others. I would depict my ego as a good hearer, good perceiver, concerted with employees, Flexible and competitory ( see appendices- ) . These single features make me stand out from other members of different civilizations. The consequences of CCAI indicate that my strongest are is Personal Autonomy and my weakest country is Flexibility/Openness. While tonss in Emotional Resilience and Perceptual Activity about the same. ( see appendices- ) The country in which I lack the most is communicating among different civilizations ; while I can easy manage state of affairss in which things do non travel as per program or state of affairss and in which emphasis and tolerance occurs. I lack in country where I am expected to pass on among different civilizations, despite of the fact that, I would love to pass some clip with people from diff erent civilizations. By bettering my intercultural accomplishments such as communicating i.e. how to respond on different thoughts, people and experiences and I should non concentrate on what other people are stating and making instead do my ain determinations. This will do me a better individual while I am in different civilization and in my ain civilization. Besides I should larn to appreciate different people and disbursals. In the following six months by following up the action program I would better on my communicating accomplishment by reading novels and newspapers and besides at the same clip seek interact and discourse on different issues with people in college whom I usually do n’t interact with, as it will besides assist me in appreciating different people as good. Completing this exercising would assist me in covering with different people at my hereafter work topographic point and besides pass oning efficaciously with them. ( see appendices- ) Decision and Recommendations The chief focal point of this essay was to analyse similarities and unsimilarities among Indian and UK civilizations. This was done though usage of two theoretical accounts of cultural analysis done by Hofstede and Hall. It was realized that both the civilizations are excessively different from each other. As cordial reception and touristry industry are turning at a rapid graduated table and due to globalisation of the concern, the demand for multicultural employees is increasing, but pull offing employees from wholly different civilizations like in India or UK would be great challenge faced by the directors in the industry. Besides international visitants frequently expect that service suppliers should understand and esteem their imposts, beliefs and civilizations, if non it may take to traverse cultural struggles. Following are the recommendations for UK and India based directors: Cross cultural preparation should be provided to the employees so that they can set in new civilizations. Information about other civilizations should be provided which will take to better understanding amongst the employees and enhanced teamwork. While pass oning with Britishers, Indian people should utilize simple words which are grammatically right should be used and direct communicating should take topographic point as British people belong to a low context civilization and prefer messages/communication to be structured straight, that they get immediate to the point and province decisions and bottom line. Proper apprehension of other civilizations and taking appropriate dialogue procedure can bring forth effectual and utile dialogue. A director must happen out the common and the uncommon values of his and opposite numbers civilization in order to carry on effectual and successful dialogue. While negociating between UK and Indian civilizations, directors should take attention of the organic structure languages, Gestures and usage of grammatically right linguistic communication for communications should be used besides, importance of clip should be taken into consideration. Cross cultural preparation should be provided to the employees so that they can set in new civilizations. Information about other civilizations should be provided which will take to better understanding amongst the employees and enhanced teamwork. Another consideration for planetary directors is that they should have/develop good hearing accomplishment. Bibliography Adler.N.J, ( 1997 ) , International Dimensions of Organizational Behavior, 4th Edition, South-Western, United States. Abercrombie.N and Warde.A ( 2001 ) , The Contemporary British Society, Black good PublishersLtd, Great Britian. Brislin. W.Richard, ( 1981 ) , Cross Cultural Encounters, Pergamon Press, USA. Brislin.W. Richard and Cushner. K, ( 1996 ) , Intercultural Interactions, 2ed, Sage Publications, USA. Barker. C. ( 2002 ) , Making Sense of Cultural Studies, Sage Publications, London. Conflict: Definition, Synonyms, from answers.com ( online ) cited on 2 November URL: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.answers.com/topic/conflict Francesco, A. M. A ; Gold, B. A. ( 2005 ) International Organizational Behavior: Texts, instances and exercises Upper Saddle Row, New Jersey, Pearson/Prentice Hall. Grazia. V. ( 1981 ) , The Cultural Of Content, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Hooker.J, ( 2003 ) , Working Across Cultural, Standford University Press, Califonia. Hofstede.G, ( 1985 ) , The Cultural Relativity of Organizational Practises and Theories, London. Harris. P. , Robert.T. M A ; Sarah. V. M, 2004, Pull offing Cultural Differences – Global Leadership Strategies for twenty-first century, 6th Edition, Elsevier, London. Hodgetts. R, Luthans. F, Doh. J, 2006, International Management – Culture, Strategy, and Behavior, 6th Edition, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company Ltd, New Delhi. Hofstede. G, 2001, Culture ‘s Consequences, 2nd Edition, Sage Publications, London Kwintessential ( 2008 ) , Intercultural Training ( online ) cited on 3 December URL: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.kwintessential.co.uk/cultural-services/intercultural-training.html Mead, R. 1998 International Management: Cross Cultural Dimensions 2nd edition Cambridge MA. Blackwell Publishers Mead, R. 2005 International Management: Cross Cultural Dimensions 3rd edition Cambridge MA. Blackwell Publishers Rodriguez. C, 2001, International Management – A cultural Approach, 2nd Edition, South-Western College Publication, United Kingdom Robinson. M. ( 1999 ) , Cultural Conflicts In Tourism Inevitablity and Inequality, CAB Publication, USA Schneider.C.Susan. and Basoux Louis.J, ( 1997 ) , Pull offing Across Cultural, Prentice Hall, Europe. Storry.M and Childs. P. ( 1997 ) , British Cultural Identities, Routledge New York Samovar. A.Larry and Porter.E. Richard, ( 2003 ) , Intercultural Communication, 10th edition, Thompson Learning, USA Singh.Y. ( 2002 ) , Culture Change In India, Rawat Publication, Jaipur. Yokel: Causes of struggle ( online ) cited on 4 November URL: hypertext transfer protocol: //geocities.yahoo.com/causes of struggle How to cite Era of globalization cultural differences, Essay examples

Research Traditions in Marketing-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the impact of Technology on Marketing research in todays Business Environment. Answer: Introduction The searching style in marketing has seen a drastic shift of it from traditional ways of researching such as calling the customer and moving to the nearby retail shops to more advanced and established way of searching such as using different social media platforms and technologies like CRM ERP. Social media platforms have redefined the way of research, which has also broadened the scope for market consultants. They can easily go to any social media platform such as Twitter, Facebook YouTube and find the existing trend. Apart from researching capability, the control on the marketing terms has also broadened with the implementation of ERP and CRM (Babin and Zikmund 2015). Customer Relationship Management (CRM) software has made things easier for companies in relation to tracking the sales orders or more specifically coordinating with the sales agents. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) is one of the most advanced levels of software technology, which different use today. However, it i s expensive, which makes this unbearable to smaller organisations (De Vries, Gensler and Leeflang 2012). The main purpose of this assignment is to prove the importance of different technologies for enhancing the marketing research capabilities of the ResMarket Pty Company. Market research in past The traditional market research was challenging because it did not have ample of resources where companies could explore various new dimensions to their purpose. They rather had to restrict their capability in the few available resources such as searching contents on company on daily newspapers, finding information in yellow pages and finding some information on the internet. Additionally, companies have also struggled in managing the data and coordinating to the sales agents. They need to rely more on various manual information, which was time consuming as well (Laurent, Lilien and Pras 2012). Technology market research Technology has redefined the ways in which the marketing researcher uses to conduct research. The growing use of various new technologies such as YouTube, Twitter, Facebook and LinkedIn have made things handful in relation to searching the market trend and posting marketing related activities (Khang, Ki and Ye 2012). These social media platforms have not just enabled the searching capability but it has also widened the area for marketing with different strategies and tools. Different social media platforms have brought marketing firms close to the needs of customers as these social media platforms offer an indirect interaction with customers. The likes and views for a post on Facebook and YouTube let marketing firms know the actual take of customers on the offered services (Sigala, Christou and Gretzel 2012). Apart from social media platforms, different technologies such as ERP and CRM have enhanced the controlling power of companies by making their coordination smoother with the sal es agents and enabling the tracking of sales. Such technologies can automate various things, which was never possible before. However, ERP is very expensive, which is not feasible to small size companies. CRM such as Salesforce can prove to be productive, which is also affordable to smaller companies, as it is available in cheaper version suitable only for smaller organisations (Liu, Liu and Xu 2013). Technologies used in present day market research Some technologies are both in huge demand and productive as well. Different companies use such technologies for maintaining the database. Database management has often remained a challenging task for significant number of organisations. However, things have become simpler with the advent of CRM and ERP technologies. CRM is highly effective in maintaining a high standard relationship with customers. CRM software helps to track the sales records and makes the coordination with the sales agents smoother. It is very handful for making sales forecast, which was never possible without CRM. This is also very handful in establishing a healthy relationship with the customers as they would get more accurate products. ERP is one of the most advanced technologies, which is expensive as well. Many big organisations use this technology. The technology has solutions for many requirements such as customer relationship management, sales, accounting, human resource etc. Various other technologies offe r customer relationship management such as Insightly, Zoho CRM and HubSpot (Bloom et al. 2014). Recommended technology for the selected company The recommended technology for the ResMarket Pty Company would be to implement the Salesforce in their researching practices. This is recommended not because it is the best in market but rather it was recommended for its feasibility with the smaller organisations as well. This is also available in cheaper version appropriate only for the smaller organisations. Salesforce offers robust services, which is very handful for organisations like ResMarket Pty. This is because of various reasons such as lead generation, sales forecasting, workflow automation and contact management. For ResMarket Pty Company to become competitive in the market, they need to have a contact management where they could have information on their interacted clients. Nevertheless, the recommended technology offers the same service. It is also necessary that the company have efficient resource using which they could make effective sales forecast. Nevertheless, Salesforce would enable ResMarket Pty to make effective predictions of sales based on the previous records of sales. This would help in redesigning the product according to the customers needs. Lead generation is another very effective and useful method, which supplies potential leads to the company. ResMarket Pty would be able to generate potential leads with the help of Salesforce, which would continue on giving potential clients to the company. Moreover, the use of Salesforce would make many things automated, which is very challenging in absence of Salesforce (Goodey 2015). Conclusion ResMarket Pty Company needs to make some investments and purchase the cheaper version of Salesforce. It is necessary to realise the potentiality of the recommended technology. They should focus on future business and implement the technology for being competitive in the market. It is necessary for any company to be updated in every regards but according to the feasibility. Nevertheless, Salesforce in cheaper version is very much feasible to smaller organisations and every smaller company should realise the importance of it and purchase it for being effective in the market. References Babin, B.J. and Zikmund, W.G., 2015.Exploring marketing research. Cengage Learning. Bloom, N., Garicano, L., Sadun, R. and Van Reenen, J., 2014. The distinct effects of information technology and communication technology on firm organization.Management Science,60(12), pp.2859-2885. De Vries, L., Gensler, S. and Leeflang, P.S., 2012. Popularity of brand posts on brand fan pages: An investigation of the effects of social media marketing.Journal of interactive marketing,26(2), pp.83-91. Goodey, P., 2015.Salesforce CRMThe Definitive Admin Handbook. Packt Publishing Ltd. Khang, H., Ki, E.J. and Ye, L., 2012. Social media research in advertising, communication, marketing, and public relations, 19972010.Journalism Mass Communication Quarterly,89(2), pp.279-298. Laurent, G., Lilien, G.L. and Pras, B. eds., 2012.Research traditions in marketing(Vol. 5). Springer Science Business Media. Liu, A.Z., Liu, H. and Xu, S.X., 2013. How do competitive environments moderate CRM value?.Decision Support Systems,56, pp.462-473. Sigala, M., Christou, E. and Gretzel, U. eds., 2012.Social media in travel, tourism and hospitality: Theory, practice and cases. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.

Tourism Benefits and Costs

Executive Summary Tourism is a phenomenon which was extensively developed during the 20th century when people became able to afford a vacation once a year. This paper thoroughly examines all the positive and negative consequences of the development of tourism.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Tourism: Benefits and Costs specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More First off, it concludes that tourism can improve the economy. Tourism, in the first, place creates jobs, and reduces unemployment. It also generates huge amounts of revenue that the government can collect through taxes. In addition, all the other branches of the economy can be developed as consequences of a growing tourist industry. Environment and culture can also benefit from this industry because it provides a solid economic reason for preservation of customs and landscapes. As far as costs of tourism are concerned, it can be said that they are numerous, and that in every domain where it can be useful, tourism can also be devastating if it is not conducted properly. Therefore, in the economy, it can cause a country to become dependent on the capital generated in the industry. Furthermore, jobs in tourism are often insecure and poorly paid, and the money earned is often taken away from the country in which it is generated. Costs are also felt in the domain of environment and culture. Huge amounts of waste generated by hotels, restaurants and entertainment complexes destroy the environment. Finally, culture is being viewed as one big show rather than an integral component of the local people’s lifestyle. In the end, accomplishments and challenges of the newly emerging field of sustainable tourism are discussed. It is concluded that comprehensive theoretical models are lacking in this field, and that it demands long and expensive projects to be carried out before observable changes could take place.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Despite the unsolved issues, it seems that sustainable tourism is the only way to go if we are to prevent the industry from destroying itself. Introduction One distinguished scholar in the field of tourism, Allen Beaver, defined tourism in the following terms: â€Å"Tourism is the temporary, short-term movement of people to destination outside the places where they normally live and work and their activities during the stay at each destination. It includes movements for all purposes (Beaver 313). This phenomenon has a long history since rich people have always wanted to see different places and experience different cultures. Since the industrial revolution, the number of people who are able to afford such a luxury has been increasing constantly to the point where spending a vacation at some tourist center is no longer considered a luxury (Singh 189). This increase in popularit y of tourism has had a huge impact on the world economy, and tourism plays one of the most significant roles in some of the strongest economies in the world. It is easy to conclude that tourism can have incredibly positive impact on human society; however, significant changes that the 21st century has brought are starting to reveal many problems related to tourism. It is, therefore, essential to reevaluate the role of tourism in the 21st century, and reshape in the light of the ideas of sustainability.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Tourism: Benefits and Costs specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Benefits of tourism Economic benefits of tourism It is widely accepted that countries can benefits tremendously from tourism in economic terms. This is because it is an industry that does not demand huge investments, like for example metallurgy, but can pay off just the same. In modern market economies, tourism is for the most part run in the private sector, and governments earn large amounts of revenue through taxation. Furthermore, large tourist complexes employ thousands of people whose existence is dependent upon tourism. Owners, on the other hand, can accumulate large amounts of capital which is then invested in other sectors of the economy. Taxation of tourism Even though in politics, it is a constantly debated question as to how much of the income generated through tourism belongs to the government, one thing is certain – the state can earn a lot of revenue from it. In a recent study by Gooroochurn (2004), it has been confirmed that taxation in tourism is much more effective than taxation in any other domain of the economy. The author studied the case of Mauritius, an otherwise underdeveloped state, and concluded that in poor countries that have such potentials, it is a good idea to attract investments in tourism, and earn revenue through taxation (Gooroochurn 2004). Among the countries that earn a huge portion of their revenue from tourism are: Greece, Portugal, Spain, Egypt, Tunisia, etc.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Employment in tourism Providing goods and services for thousands of tourists every day demands a huge labor force. Ever since the beginning of tourism, people saw the employment potential that it has. According to the national statistical data, 16.5 % of all the labor force or around 700 000 people in Greece are employed in tourism. Furthermore, many people who do not have large amounts of capital, but live near tourist centers have great opportunities for self-employment. Most of those people run small cafes, trinket or souvenir shops or simply sell local food and drinks to the visitors. International Labor Organization predicts that in the following decade the number of jobs in tourism is to increase significantly, and claims that it is one sector in which the greatest potential is seen after the crisis (Employment in Tourism Industry). Secondary economic benefits Since all parts of the economic structure are interconnected, an economic boom in one of the component parts automatic ally overflows into all other parts. The income generated by the entrepreneurs is injected into other parts of the economy according to their ideas for further investment since every entrepreneur knows that money has to be invested further. It has been noticed that one of the most common domains where money earned from tourism is invested is infrastructure. Investors are aware that improving the infrastructure, roads, water and electricity supply, railways, etc. can increase the number of visitors to their tourist complexes. Furthermore, the government also recognizes the potential in tourism, and is often willing to subsidize the improvement of infrastructure (Karim 2011). Apart from the infrastructure, other domains of the economy which are often developed as a result of a country’ success in tourism industry are food and drink industry, agriculture, etc. Noneconomic benefits of tourism One can argue that in a capitalist society all the positive phenomena can be described i n terms of the economy. That might very well be the case; however, all the positive changes that occur in a country as a result of the development of tourism, and which are not directly related to the economy can be discussed under the label non-economic benefits. Cultural benefits Since the industrial revolution, together with the development of tourism, there has been an increase in the number of educated people. Their fascination with the historical heritage and cultural diversity of the world made way for the development of the so called cultural tourism. On the other hand, under the pressure of economic forces, local people are adopting the new ways of life, and because of the lack of time and resources, they are slowly losing their cultural heritage. The fact that there is little to be gained financially from being involved in the traditional customs causes many people to lose interest in them. For that reason, Weiner (2010) argues that cultural tourism is, in fact, the force that helps to preserve local customs and traditions. The interest of foreigners in local culture, according to Weiner, is what gives the economic value to the culture. He uses the example of Turkish baths in which he enjoyed while on vacation and concludes that the custom would have been extinct if it had not been for the tourists who were willing to pay to experience it. However, anthropologists argue that this way of preserving culture is deflationary and imperialistic (Menkedick 2010). Environmental benefits As in the case of culture, tourism has huge impact on the environment. There are both positive and negative environmental consequences of tourism; however, in this section only the positive ones are discussed. When a country is industrially underdeveloped, it usually possesses locations with well-preserved environment. In the course of the development of a country, it can be decided that those locations should be used for industrial development, and then polluters like mines and factories are built. Obviously, this has tremendous environmental consequences. Of course, it can be decided that the location be preserved in the original state which entails opportunity costs, but this seldom happens. Finally, it seems that the best solution is to build tourist complexes, and develop that branch of the economy. This course of action provides economic motivation for maintaining parks, funding research in resource management, improving environmental education and introducing strong legal framework for environment preservation (Sawkar et al. 8). Other benefits of tourism It is certain that benefits of tourism cannot just be reduced to economic, cultural and environmental ones. Surely, there are many other positive phenomena that occur as consequences of the development of tourism. First off, tourism helps in cherishing positive attitudes towards different cultures and customs. Secondly, it is a very good way of destroying negative attitudes towards foreigners, an d rejecting xenophobia, stereotypes and prejudices about others. Thirdly, it affords immense psychological satisfaction which stems from the interaction with others (Ritchie Goeldner 373-383). Tourism can also benefit individuals who have some health problems, and various resorts offer extensive treatment programs employing leading experts in therapeutic procedures. Costs of tourism Many people are inclined to think that tourism is a socio-economic phenomenon with only positive consequences; however, in reality the global economic system and the nature of tourism as a branch of the economy lead to some difficult economic problems. Furthermore, huge seasonal changes in the population which are caused by travel and tourism pose serious cultural and social challenges for the local communities. Finally, despite the fact that tourism can have positive effects on the environment and culture, if conducted improperly, it can have a devastating environmental and cultural impact. Economic co sts of tourism Seasonal jobs As we saw, the development of tourism has the potential to create a large number of jobs. However, the downside of this fact is that in most centers, these jobs are seasonal and not very well paid. This has some obvious negative consequences. First off, many people who work in the industry are dependent upon it for their existence. For that reason they are virtually employed for only 5-6 months per year due to the seasonal nature of their employment. This causes them to face severe financial problems during the period of the year in which they have no employment and income. Secondly, well-developed tourist destinations are very often located in very poor countries such as Maldives, Jamaica, Dominican Republic etc. In these places, unemployment is incredibly high and the average income is very low. Consequently, employers are in a position to give very low wages, and avoid hiring employees to work in their complexes on a regular basis. For that reason, th e turnover of the labor force is immense, and it is very difficult to protect labor rights in that context. Economic dependence The fact that profits in the tourism industry can be so high can cause the entire economy of a country or a region to steer towards that industry. This can be very dangerous for several reasons. It is well-known that tourism is not a firm basis for an economy because it is not a productive industry, and it is located in the domain of services. This has some very important consequences. First off, in case of a crisis, people usually sacrifice the expenses that they regard as luxuries, and their annual vacation is very often one of the first items on the list. Such events as crises can push a country into a severe depression if it is extremely dependent on tourism. For example, the recent financial crisis of 2008 significantly damaged the economy of Hawaii, which is extremely dependent on tourism because more than one third of the country’s revenue com es from tourism. Because of the financial crisis that hit the Western world, the tax revenue of Hawaii was reduced by more than 10 per cent, and the country lost 4.9 billion dollars in foreign spending (Woo). Furthermore, an economy which is extremely dependent on tourism runs not only the risk of economic crises, but also natural disasters. Many of the world’s most famous tourist centers are located in the areas which have the highest risk of natural disasters like earthquakes, volcanoes, tornados, tsunamis, etc. Such events can not only destroy tourist seasons, but also devastate the infrastructure and buildings of great importance, thereby deleting the region from the world’s tourist map. One recent example is the earthquake in Haiti. Just as Haiti was recovering from a long history of social and economic problems by developing tourist centers, an earthquake of 7.0 Mw destroyed most of the hotels and buildings leaving the country in ruins (Curley 8). Other Economic Issues The economy consists of such a complex set of relations between humans that one should not be surprised to discover that the effects of one phenomenon can have so many economic consequences, both positive and negative ones. One additional economic cost of tourism is the fact that the structure of the capital within the industry can be such that very small percentage of the total revenue remains in the country where all the tourist complexes are located. Globalized economy, such as the one we have at the beginning of the 21st century, allows the rich people and corporations from the Western world to build huge tourist complexes in Kenya or Nigeria, for example. If that happens, they usually attract Western tourists who are interested in buying Western food such as McDonald’s or clothes, such as Nike. All of that creates a seasonal Western market in Africa. An unfortunate fact for the local population is that all of those companies, at the end of the season, take their r evenue back to the Western countries, and they are left with very little money that they could earn competing with those Western giants (Sunyer 2010). Environmental costs It is quite a paradox that while thousands of people visit a location with intact nature and beautiful landscapes, by doing so they are slowly destroying that very same landscape. To make things even worse the more interesting and beautiful the landscape is, the more people it attracts, and the quicker it is destroyed. From building hotels, restaurants and entertainment centers to the basic elements of infrastructure like heating, water supply and roads, tourism causes significant reshaping of the original landscape, and the environment suffers a lot. Moreover, supporting thousands of people during the season demands immense amounts of food, fresh water and fuel. All of that creates large quantities of waste. Therefore, it is necessary to carefully plan and construct landfills and sewage systems. Both of these basi c constituents of an urbanized location have to cause some amount of pollution; however, it is essential that this pollution be kept at the minimum. It has been confirmed that leaving all of these concerns to the market will not do the job because meeting all the necessary requirements costs a lot, and in unregulated circumstances those who are careful to meet them simply cannot remain competitive. In this way locations which were originally attractive to tourists, within few years, become more polluted than some industrial centers. Therefore, it is absolutely essential to construct environmentally sound regulations to prevent the self-destruction of tourism in a country (Buckley 401). Cultural costs The final danger which comes with the development of tourism is that it can have devastating consequences for the local culture. By now it is noticeable that economy, environment and culture are the three domains that can benefit the most from the development of tourism, but at the same time it in these three domains that tourism can have the most devastating consequences. Moreover, it seems that culture is the one domain in which there is no way to establish control and make tourism fully sustainable. This is, for the most part, because of the fact that culture is constantly changing, and it is very difficult to control the direction of that change. While cultural heritage like, for example, the summer festivals of Scotland is preserved precisely because tourists come from all over the world to experience it, it is absolutely certain that it is not the same in all cases. From the anthropological point of view, it is questionable whether this way of preserving culture deserves praise at all. Some scholars, like Anthony Smith, would claim that it is not: â€Å"Tourism places the whole of the visited culture on sale, distorting its imagery and symbolism, turning its emotions loose, transforming a way of life into an industry†¦A culture†¦is turned from sub ject to object, from independent to dependent, from audience-in-its-own-right to spectacle† (quoted in Sunyer 2010) The argument is that culture is not really culture if it is not lived. The anthropologists would claim that this way of viewing the culture robs it of its essence. For them, the claim that reducing the culture to a mere spectacle helps in preserving it is similar to the claim that we have the culture of the 18th century France alive and existing when we are watching a play about Napoleon. Sadly, it is difficult to see any way in which sustainable tourism can account for this problem. After all, reducing the local culture to a mere spectacle is an integral part of cultural tourism, and there is nothing that can be done in that aspect, legally or otherwise. Sustainable tourism As it has been explained so far, it is very difficult to imagine tourism disappearing as a social category at this point in history. In fact, given all the beneficial aspect that it has, mirr ored mostly in economics, very few people would want it to disappear. Nonetheless, it is obvious that tourism implies some very difficult problems, in particular, its devastating impact on the environment and its imperialistic view of culture. Scientists and scholars have recognized this as a problem, and have been trying to find a solution for several decades now in the field called sustainable tourism. Sustainable tourism is based on the assumption that it is possible to have all the beneficial effects of tourism, while at the same time making as little detrimental impact on the local environment and culture. It is an interdisciplinary approach to constructing policies that will account for all the relevant factors in order to maximize the positive economic aspects, and minimize the negative cultural and environmental ones. Sustainable tourism should also be viewed as a global movement that tries to educate people on the benefits of what they call Responsible tourism. Responsible tourism is something very similar to a tourist’s ethical codex. Its principles oblige tourists to be sensitive towards local cultures, and perform their environmental duties while on vacation. Some of these duties are: producing as little waste as possible, recycling, etc. However, this whole notion of responsible tourism implies that the visitors are informed about the harms they can potentially make, and the ways in which they can prevent those harm from taking place. Moreover, sustainable tourism is not a strictly defined set of strategies applicable to all contexts. It demands an analysis of all the relevant factors, and constant awareness of one’s actions from every visitor. As we can see sustainable tourism is a long term mission, which demands a lot of state intervention, education and responsibility. The real question at this point is whether there is time for such a long project. Some of the results of this global effort are quite obvious. For example, there a re more and more customers coming to tourist agencies, and asking for locations that promote sustainable tourism. On the other hand, what is very disappointing is that there is very little consensus among the experts as to which indicators should be used in order to evaluate whether a resort is practicing sustainable tourism. Moreover, some of the experts are not even sure where to draw the line between sustainable and unsustainable tourism (Miller 10). Conclusion In conclusion, tourism is a widespread and very popular social phenomenon, and people enjoy it for multiple reasons such as: health, education, sport, recreation, religion, or even pure hedonism. Furthermore, there is a strong economic motivation for the existence of tourism: jobs are created, states and entrepreneurs collect huge amounts of revenue and infrastructure is developed. Preservation of environment and culture also gets its economic basis in tourism. However, tourism causes some very deep social, cultural and ec onomic issues. History has taught us that many countries, after a certain period, tend to become economically dependent on it, which has its consequences in very deep recessions, seasonal unemployment, etc. Environment and culture also suffer because of the unplanned and irresponsible practice of tourism. Huge amounts of waste are being generated and culture is being viewed as one big show. Such practices have been referred to as unsustainable tourism because after a certain period such locations lose their attractiveness to visitors because the hotels are no longer solvent or environment and culture are no longer authentic and intact. Therefore, the only solution is the introduction of sustainable tourism which is a field in which many experts are trying to define ways to make tourism viable for future generations. It is certain that there are many reasons which make tourism worth struggling for. Works Cited Beaver, Allan. A dictionary of travel and tourism terminology. 2nd ed. Wal lingford, UK: CABI Publ., 2005. Print. Buckley, Ralf. â€Å"Tourism and Environment.† Annual Review of Environment and Resources 36 (2011): 397-416. Print. Curley, Robert. â€Å"The Tourism Impact of the Haiti Earthquake.† Caribbean Travel, Vacation and Holiday Guide – Guide to Caribbean Travel, Vacations, Trips and Holidays. N.p., 13 Jan. 2010. Web. https://www.tripsavvy.com/tourism-impact-of-2010-haiti-earthquake-3972902. â€Å"Employment in tourism industry to grow significantly over the coming decade, says ILO report.† International Labour Organization . N.p., n.d. Web. http://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_146761/lang–en/index.htm. Gooroochurn, Nishaal. â€Å"Tourism and Taxation: A Theoretical and Empirical Investigation.† Input-Output and General Equilibrium: Data, Modeling and Policy Analysis. ECOMOD. Input-Output and General Equilibrium: Data, Modeling and Policy Analysis, Brussels. 12 Sept. 2004. Lecture. Karim , Iqbal. â€Å"Standard Digital News : Magazines : Infrastructure is key to boosting tourism.† Standard Digital News : Home, Breaking News, Business, Jobs, Football, Travel, Tourism, Elections, National, Kenya, Nairobi, County, East Africa, Kibaki, Raila . N.p., 7 June 2011. Web. https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2000036644/n-a. Menkedick, Sarah. â€Å"Tourism And The â€Å"Preservation† Of Culture: A Rebuttal | Matador Network.† Matador Network | travel culture worldwide. N.p., 3 Mar. 2010. Web. https://matadornetwork.com/abroad/tourism-and-the-preservation-of-culture-a-rebuttal/. Miller, Graham. The Development of Indicators for Sustainable Tourism: Results of a Delphi Survey of Tourism Researchers. London: University of Westminster, 2000. Print. Ritchie, J. R. Brent, and Charles R. Goeldner. Travel, tourism, and hospitality research: a handbook for managers and researchers. 2nd ed. New York: J. Wiley, 1994. Print. Sawkar, K, L Noronha, A Mascarenhas, O Chauhan, and S Saeed. Tourism and the Environment Case Studies on Goa, India, and the Maldives. Washington: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank, 1998. Print. Singh, L. Fundamental Of Tourism And Travel. Delhi: ISHA Books, 2008. Print. Sunyer, Pi. â€Å"The Cultural Costs of Tourism | Cultural Survival.† Cultural Survival | Partnering with Indigenous Peoples to Defend their Lands, Languages, and Cultures. N.p., 11 Feb. 2010. Web. https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/cultural-costs-tourism. Weiner, Eric. â€Å"Why Tourism is Not a Four-Letter Word – Features – World Hum.† The Best Travel Stories on the Internet – Travel Writing – World Hum. N.p., 1 Mar. 2010. Web. http://www.worldhum.com/features/eric-weiner/why-tourism-is-not-a-four-letter-word-20100301/. Woo, Stu. â€Å"Heavy Reliance on Tourism Has Hawaii’s Economy Hurting – WSJ.com.† Business New s Financial News – The Wall Street Journal – Wsj.com. N.p., n.d. Web. https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125047318664935729. This essay on Tourism: Benefits and Costs was written and submitted by user L0la to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Statute and State Law Relationship Essay Example

Statute and State Law Relationship Essay Example Statute and State Law Relationship Essay Statute and State Law Relationship Essay In this case the employer fired a woman warehouse employee who was a heavy equipment operator. She had been rebuked in the past for disciplinary problems and had even been suspended. After she had a physical fight with an employee she was terminated. After termination she filed a suit under Title VII alleging that she was sexually discriminated against and was sexually harassed. The trial court did not allow the sexual harassment claim to proceed but the sexual discrimination claim was allowed to proceed to trial. At the trial, she presented circumstantial evidence showing that she was stalked by her superior, disciplined more severely than males, her disciplinary reports were stacked, she was discriminated against with respect to overtime assignments and supervisors used sex-based slurs against her.This was a mixed motive case in which both poor job performance and sex discrimination reasons had led to her dismissal.The regulation interpreted in this case was that prior to this judg ment in discrimination cases pretext theory cases were allowed to proceed without direct evidence. In pretext theory cases circumstantial evidence was allowed, but in mixed motive theory direct evidence was required. That is the employee had to show by direct evidence that sexual discrimination was the main motivating factor in her dismissal.However, in the Desert Palace case the U.S. Supreme Court unanimously held that an employee alleging a mixed motive theory of discrimination under Title VII does not need to provide direct evidence of discrimination (Smith S. 2003). In other words circumstantial evidence was admissible.This case has impacted the employment environment because now even if a woman is not performing up to the mark at work, employers are advised to refrain from sexually discriminating against her.Reference:Smith S. (2003) The Death of Summary Judgment. Retrieved on October 25, 2006 From: http://hennepin.timberlakepublishing.com/article.asp?article=764paper=1cat=147

Response paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Response paper - Assignment Example However, the main cause of the decline of the empire can be attributed to what experts call Hypertrophy. The empire was busy crushing potential rivals. In the end, the empire had no money to finance wars or pay armies. Eventually, the empire could not protect itself from external attacks. Couple this with the fact that the cities produced nothing; all production was left for rural people. In fact the government was providing financial incentives and entertainment for urban dwellers to quell instances of revolts. Therefore, the urbanites ate free bread from government and spent all their time watching games and plays; without paying taxes. After the collapse of the Roman Empire under barbaric tribes from Germany, the church became heavily dependent on the barbarians. As Europe was under the barbaric rule, King Charles or Charlemagne became the executive rule of the new empire. Under his leadership and of Pope Gregory, many barbarians were converted to Christianity. Ironically, the church became more barbaric and as the culture deteriorated, so were the morals of the clergy. Bishops had slaves and concubines and practiced perverted sexual fantasies. They also wore swords and mils, which they used to dispose the poor of their wives and possessions. They were licentious and drunkards who preached the exact opposite of their actions. During Gregory‘s papal reign, violence, torture and corruption was the order of the day. The only reprieve for people were the saints who selflessly came to their aid. The saints had supernatural powers and could heal the sick. Many people therefore ran to them. Saints were subsequently persecuted with the exception of few powerful saints like Saint Martin who were feared by the emperor. While there was extreme corruption both physically and spiritually, the dark ages also marked a time of prosperity especially in northern Europe. Better means of farming had been

Finance Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Finance - Case Study Example GE’s first criterion of loan application is that the company applying for loan should have minimum three years’ operational working. The CCL has more than three years’ existence starting from 1987 until the year ending December 31, 2002. Thus, CCL clearly passes the first criterion. Second criterion laid down by GE is of paramount importance as it ascertains whether the applicant would have enough cash generation in his or her business to repay the loan. It is necessary to do a complete analysis related to this aspect. Rendl wants to know about the cash generated from the operations so as to be assured of the loan repayment by CCL. This can be given by net earnings after tax plus depreciation charged ($72,795+$79,132 = $151,927). Depreciation is not a cash outgo and remains with the company and hence counted in the cash generated. CCL’s previous loans have been disbursed for the repayment period of 48 months. Assuming same repayment period of 48 months for the loan of 270,000, CCL will have monthly installment of 270,000/48 = $5,625/month. Thus, in a year CCL would need to pay 5625Ãâ€"12 = $67,500 toward its new loan; however, for its two old loans CCL has been already paying 7000+800 = $7800 per month. Thus, the outgo per annum for these two old loans would be $93,600. Added a new loan repayment, total repayment comes out to be $161,100 per year. Cash likely to be generated in the year ended 2003 (as calculated above) at $151,927 is marginally short of this repayment requirements. While Rendl reviewing CCL application for $270,000 on April 15 2003 for likely new loan disbursement from May 1 2003, the CCL would have reduced debt in the first four months by 7800Ãâ€"4= $31,200 and net long term liability at the time of new loan disbursement would be 225,000(from balance sheet year ended 2002) – 31200 + 227000(new debt) = $420,800.

Relationship Between Childhood Well-being and Poverty

Relationship Between Childhood Well-being and Poverty Introduction This paper explores the relationship between childhood well-being and poverty. Using structural equation modelling a multidimensional picture of child well-being is developed which is linked to previous work on multidimensional poverty indicators at household level (Tomlinson et al. forthcoming). Following a brief literature review of childhood poverty and well-being research, there follows an analysis of several waves of the British Household Panel Study – a valuable source of data collected directly from children as well as adults in the same households. The paper attempts to map the experience of poverty at household level and relate it to the child’s well-being. Rather than seeing poverty as a facet of child well-being, as other researchers often do, this work conceptually distinguishes between the two and shows how they are linked. Following the literature review various structural equation models are estimated that measure different dimensions of child well-being. These dimensions are then related to other aspects of the child’s life including the experience of poverty, age and gender, household composition, income, parental education and employment status. The effects of poverty are broken down into more detailed dimensions and the relative impact of each dimension is discussed. Finally, the models are used to inform targeting strategies with respect to child welfare policy. Crucially the differential impact of various potential policy instruments is assessed through the models. Mainstream child poverty research Since New Labour took office and pledged to eliminate child poverty by 2020 a myriad of policy changes and political statements has been issued to address the problems associated with poverty and deprivation during childhood. Indeed the costs of child poverty and its immediate and future effects are becoming increasingly alarming. For instance, recent research has found that poor children are more likely to get into trouble inside and outside school and more likely to be involved in drug abuse (ONS 2002). The direct costs of this are estimated to be considerable. For example:  £6000 for a 6 month non-custodial sentence  £21000 for a custodial sentence of 6 months Cost of attending pupil referral unit:  £10000/year Drug programmes cost on average  £15000/person over a 4 year period (Source: Godfrey et al. 2004) Much of the literature relating to child poverty in the UK has focussed around two areas: first the identification of households where risk is greatest and second, the so-called ‘scarring’ of children and the transmission of disadvantage into adulthood. With respect to the former it is now well known that poor children in particular are more likely to come from the following types of household: Workless households Benefit dependent households Lone parent families Low income households Families with younger children are more likely to be poor Large families Ethnic minority households Those in rented accommodation See, for example, Hirsch (2006a), Lloyd (2006). In addition Bradshaw (2006a) has extensive breakdowns of poverty rates for different social groups with children; Platt (2007) has an analysis of ethnicity, employment and child poverty; large families are extensively discussed in Iavacou and Berthoud (2006) and so on. In other words it is no longer an issue of identifying which types of environment – from a household perspective – are important, but rather moving towards a measurement model that can assess the impacts of the various dimensions associated with poverty on the child and its well-being. This is the approach taken in this paper. With respect to the second set of literature on scarring and transmission, the impact of poverty on a child’s future life-chances has also been extensively researched. Moreover, these impacts appear to have increased as child poverty increased during the 1980s and 1990s (Fahmy, 2006). Gregg and Wadsworth (2001) have noted the increased polarisation of working versus non-working households and the effects that this has had on poverty rates. That is the growth of dual-earner versus no-earner households. Using cohort studies such as the British Cohort Study (BCS) and National Child Development Study (NCDS), a series of papers has shown that low income in childhood leads to poor educational attainment in later life. For example, see Blanden and Gregg (2004) which also provides a useful review of the US literature on this topic. Gregg and Machin (2000) and Glennester (1995) come to similar conclusions. Fahmy has also reviewed the literature with respect to youth poverty (youth being defined as being aged 16-25). The consequences of poverty identified for this group, referred to as ‘hazardous transitions’ into adulthood, include: A high probability of becoming a ‘NEET’ (not in employment, education or training – see Istance et al 1994 for an earlier study) A bad career track (Craine 1997) A reduced level of citizenship and civic participation (Dean 1997) A higher risk of homelessness (Smith 1999, see also Flouri and Buchanan, 2004) Stewart has also documented various consequences of child poverty in later life. Adding low self-esteem, low expectations, reduced educational attainment, benefit dependency and poor labour market outcomes to the list. See Stewart, (2005) and also Hobcraft (1998) and Ermisch et al. (2001). While all this work is very convincing and commendable there is relatively little literature relating child poverty in the here and now and its immediate impact on the life and environment of the child. It is almost as if this were less important than the future costs. However, there is also a growing interest in the current well-being of children and its measurement. Early literature on this is extensively reviewed in Pollard and Lee (2002). This covers definitions of well-being, the indicators developed and instruments used in the measurement process. Moreover, two recent special issues of Social Indicators Research (SIR, 2007a, 2007b) have already been devoted exclusively to the topic (and a third issue is on the way). Interestingly, one strand of this work relates to human rights which shows the level of importance now being attached to these issues. Bradshaw et al. (2007) discuss concepts of well-being which are predicated on the UN convention on the rights of the child (UNCRC). Essentially this accepts the multi-dimensional nature of well-being from at least four perspectives: first that it is non-discriminatory, second that it is in the best interests of the child, third that it relates to the child’s survival and development, and fourth that it respects the views of the child (Bradshaw et al 2007: 134). The link to poverty and deprivation is sometimes made explicit in this literature: for example, ‘child well-being and deprivation represent different sides of the same coin’, Bradshaw et al. (2007). On the other hand, US, and very recent British, research shows well-being to be related to, but not the same as childhood poverty (Land et al., 2006; Bradshaw and Mayhew, 2005) for reasons that are not well-understood, but which probably include protective behaviour by parents (e.g., Flouri, 2004) and individual resilience (e.g., Masten and Coatsworth, 1998, Masten, 2001). Thus there is confusion about the relationship between well-being and poverty. Sometimes poverty is cited as a specific dimension of well-being, and sometimes as a separate concept entirely. For example, Bradshaw et al. (2007) have developed an eightfold classification of child well-being and generated one composite summary indicator from internationally comparable data. The eight dimensions being: Material well-being Housing Health Subjective well-being Education Relationships Civic participation Risk and safety These are measured by standardised scores which are added together to form the individual indices and an overall summary index which is then used for international comparison. There is then no accepted or uncontroversial measure of child well-being. The general thrust of the debate is that child well-being must be measured along several dimensions and poverty (or particular dimensions of poverty such as material deprivation) is sometimes included and sometimes not. The approach taken in this paper is somewhat different in that the two concepts are kept completely distinct as explained in more detail below. The measurement of poverty and well-being The approach here uses two sets of measures reflecting two aspects of the situation of children living in British households. First of all we measure poverty at the household level using structural equation models. This is done along several dimensions using data from the British Household Panel Study (BHPS) and is discussed in Tomlinson et al. (forthcoming). The dimensions are: financial strain, material deprivation, the environment, psycho-social strain, civic participation and social isolation. These are combined into an overall weighted index referred to as the Poverty Index (PI). Second we use structural equation models to measure various dimensions of childhood well-being. We are restricted in the questions that are asked and cannot include all the dimensions listed by Bradshaw et al. (2007). However, we measure four different aspects of child well-being including ‘home life’ which relates to family relationships and parental control (similar to Bradshaw’s ‘relationships’ dimension), ‘educational orientation’ (again similar to Bradshaw et al.), ‘anxiety’ (based in part on Bradshaw’s subjective well-being indicator) and ‘delinquency’ (which also relates to risk and safety). However, a crucial difference with our approach is that we treat dimensions such as material well-being and housing as aspects of household level poverty rather than childhood well-being. Thus we keep poverty and well-being conceptually distinct and analyse the relations between the two. It is the association between these four measures of child well-being and the numerous measures of poverty already developed that is the ultimate focus of the paper. In summation we take a multidimensional approach to both well-being and poverty and we examine the correlates of poverty with a child’s current well-being. In this way we can assess the impacts of poverty on the child’s immediate social environment and state of mind rather than what the future might hold. Models which can link together different aspects of poverty with various aspects of children’s livelihoods will assist in developing strategies to alleviate some of these problems. In other words we identify which aspects of poverty have the most serious impacts on the child (and hence will probably affect their future life chances to the greatest extent). Using structural equation models (SEM) There are now many academics using more advanced statistical techniques to measure poverty from a multi-dimensional perspective (e.g., Jenkins and Cappellari, 2007, Tomlinson et al., forthcoming, Whelan et al. 2007a, 2007b). These techniques, such as item response theory, structural equation modelling and latent class analysis, can be used not only to analyse which families with children are actually in poverty, but also which particular aspects of this poverty are more intense (such as bad housing, material deprivation, financial strain and so on). This is the approach taken in this paper with respect to the measurement of poverty and the measurement of child well-being the two being linked together within a coherent methodological framework and then related specifically to policy and policy targeting. Like the more traditional method of factor analysis, a SEM reduces a large number of observed variables to a smaller number of factors. However, in a SEM the variables are conceptualised as observed manifestations of an underlying or ‘latent’ dimension. Each observed variable in a SEM also has an error term associated with it, allowing measurement error to be isolated and controlled for in a way that is impossible with factor analysis. But, most importantly, a SEM requires a strong theoretical justification before the model is specified. Thus the researcher decides which variables are to be associated with which latent unobserved factors in advance. There are two fundamental types of SEM used to measure or test the validity of latent concepts – first and second order confirmatory factor analysis models (CFAs). We use first order CFAs below to measure child well-being. A first order CFA simply attempts to measure preordained underlying latent concepts. The left side of figure 1 shows a simple CFA which has two latent unobserved variables: L1, material deprivation; and L2, financial strain. L1 is measured by the observed variables V1 to V4 and L2 is measured by variables V5 to V7. The single headed arrows represent coefficients or loadings in the model and are usually shown in standardised form much like beta coefficients in regression analysis. The covariance between material deprivation (L1) and financial strain (L2) is represented by the double headed arrow. The associated error terms are shown as the circles labelled e1 to e7. Using statistical techniques such as maximum likelihood estimation and making assumptions abou t the distributions of the variables and error terms in the model, the coefficients and covariances can be estimated. In all SEMs a variety of fit statistics is available to assess the validity of the models constructed (see Klein, 2005, Byrne, 2001). Usually it is assumed that the observed variables in the model are continuous and that the distribution of the variables is multivariate normal. More recently available software is beginning to allow the explicit modelling of categorical, binary and censored variables (such as MPlus which is used in this study). Models of this kind can be made as complex as necessary to describe real-world situations and employ many latent variables and various interactions between them. Covariates or controls can also be applied to the overall measurement models to assess differences between groups or to assess the impact of a particular variable on the latent concepts under consideration. Furthermore, scores can be generated for the unobserved latent variables. These scores are analogous to the factor scores obtained using factor analysis. The BHPS and the measurement of childhood well-being The analysis that follows utilizes data from the British Household Panel Study (BHPS) and follows the methods discussed in Tomlinson et al. (forthcoming). The BHPS commenced in 1991 with an initial sample of around 10,000 individuals resident in some 5,000 households. These individuals have subsequently been re-interviewed each year and the sample has also been extended to include more households from Scotland and Wales and to embrace Northern Ireland (although Northern Ireland is excluded from this analysis). The data can be weighted to provide an accurate picture of life in Great Britain at different points in time. The analysis here covers the period 1997, 1999 and 2001 (i.e. BHPS waves 7, 9 and 11) and draws on information concerning the following topics for the measurement of poverty: income, finances and benefits; stress; material deprivation; general housing and neighbourhood characteristics and social exclusion and civic participation. The level of poverty at household level is measured by the responses given by the head of household and calculated as detailed in Tomlinson et al. (forthcoming). Each individual dimension of poverty as well as an overall score (the Poverty Index) is computed via a SEM for each household with children. Households with heads under 18 years of age or over 64 years of age are excluded from the sample analysed to calculate poverty scores. We also use a unique data resource available within the BHPS and consistently applied across the three waves. Children aged between 11 and 15 within these households were also asked to complete a separate questionnaire which forms the basis for the measurement models of child well-being. Questions included relate to home life, schooling, anxiety and psychological aspects of life, social isolation and delinquent behaviour. Estimating a structural equation model of childhood well-being As with the measurement of our multi-dimensional poverty index we attempted to create measures of multidimensional childhood well-being using 1st order CFAs based on the responses given by the 11 to 15 year olds in the BHPS panel for the years 1997, 1999 and 2001. The models have been estimated separately for all three waves. Questions change significantly in other available waves and these waves have not been included in the present analysis. The four dimensions of well-being are estimated using the following variables (which are all measured as ordinal scales except the variable relating to suspension from school which is binary): 1. Home life is a measure of the children’s relations to their parents and family and how much control the parents have over them: How much children talk to their parents How much control parents exercise over TV How much the family share meals together 2. Educational orientation is a measure of how well the child is doing at school and their attitudes to teachers and so on: How much the child likes his/her teachers Whether the teachers ‘get at me’ General feelings about school Whether the child is doing well at school 3. Anxiety is a measure of the child’s psychological health and feeling of self-worth Whether the child feels unhappy Whether the child has lost sleep How useless the child feels How much of a failure the child feels Whether the child feels no good The extent to which the child feels lonely The extent to which the child is left out of activities 4. Delinquency is an attempt to measure aspects of criminal tendencies or anti-social behaviour: Whether the child has ever been suspended from school How often the child plays truant How much experience the child has with smoking cigarettes Whether the child vandalises property Whether the child has friends that use illegal drugs (there is no direct question about the respondent’s own drug use) A first order confirmatory factor analysis model was estimated to measure the four dimensions (see figure 2 for an example from wave 11) and further models developed with controls for gender and age of the child and the overall Poverty Index of the head of household. We attempted this with each of the three waves of the BHPS, but all three models gave similar results and good fit indices. The model estimation was done using MPlus 4 with the observed variables being treated as ordinal rather than continuous where appropriate. Results and discussion of the basic model The first order models produce a good fit to the data (see Table 1) and the coefficients on the observed variables are all in the expected direction and all statistically significant at the 1% level. Some error terms were allowed to co-vary as illustrated in the figure based on very high modification indices in the initial modelling attempts. Examining the latent constructs themselves and the correlations between them reveals the relationships between the various dimensions of well-being. That is educational orientation is strongly associated with parental influence and negatively associated with anxiety and delinquency. Delinquency is also positively associated with anxiety etc. (Table 1). Table 1Fit statistics and correlations for the simple models (wave 11) Fit statistics: (N=1201) Without controlsWith controls Chi-square 426.959 (79 d.f.)639.104 (130 d.f.) CFI0.9370.902 TLI0.9550.921 RMSEA0.0570.057 Correlations between latent variables in controlled model (all significant at 1%):   Home life Educational Orientation Anxiety Educational Orientation +.54 Anxiety -.18 -.36 Delinquency –.63 -.54 +.22 The controlling variables are also salient. Girls are more anxious than boys, but have better educational orientation and relations with their parents. There is no significant difference between girls and boys with respect to delinquency. The age controls show that home life diminishes with age, while delinquency increases. Children of 11 and 12 also have stronger educational orientation than their older peers. However, the most striking result is that poverty (measured by our composite multidimensional index) has a highly significant and detrimental effect on all four of the well-being dimensions. That is it contributes to anxiety and delinquency and detracts from educational orientation and home life. Thus we can show that poverty has a serious debilitating effect on child well-being in the here and now. The relative importance of poverty for each dimension of well-being is also evident. The strongest effect appears to be on home life (–0.22) followed by educational orientat ion (–0.13). The impact on anxiety and delinquency is less strong (both at 0.10), but still highly significant. Thus we can show that the overall impact of the experience of poverty appears to affect home life and education the most while still having an effect on anxiety and anti-social behaviour. However, one of the issues we wish to deal with (not least from a policy targeting perspective) is to see which sub-dimensions of poverty are the most salient with respect to child well-being. For example, as we have measured poverty in a multidimensional way, which particular dimensions have the biggest impact? In our previous measurement work we developed several indicators of multidimensional poverty. Namely the poverty index is a weighted summation of several sub-indices: financial strain based on bad finances and missed housing payments material deprivation based on the levels of material possessions in the household and whether the household could afford to do certain things the environment which is based on a combination of housing and neighbourhood characteristics social isolation based on lack of social support civic participation based on participation in civic life psycho-social strain based on stress, mental health and anxiety The most desirable way to test the effects of the various dimensions on well-being would be to include them all as covariates in a measurement model similar to that shown in figure 2. However, because the various dimensions of poverty are highly correlated with each other this presents problems for the estimation (that is there is a multicollinearity issue). Rather than attempt to do this, individual models have been estimated with each sub-dimension of poverty included by itself in place of the overall poverty index in a similar fashion to the model in Figure 2. The relative sizes and significance of the coefficients relating to the individual sub-dimensions of poverty will allow an assessment to be made as to which elements of poverty are the most serious with respect to the child’s welfare. The results are summarised in figure 3 (this is a diagrammatic summary of results from wave 11 (2001) and shows only the significant effects). The results show that different aspects of poverty have different effects on the various aspects of well-being. For example, the financial dimension affects all the aspects of well-being whereas material deprivation only affects two (being detrimental to home life and increasing delinquency). A poor environment in terms of bad housing or neighbourhood results in reduced quality of home life, increased anxiety and delinquency. By using these results it becomes clear that policy aimed at poverty reduction could in principle be targeted in particular ways that would have different benefits as far as the diverse dimensions of child well-being are concerned. Improving the environment of children – both within and outside the household – may well have a greater overall impact on well-being than improving material deprivation. On the other hand if educational performance is the main criterion then financial strain, and civic participation of the household become the key areas. If home life is seen to be the main issue then finance, material deprivation, the stress of the parents, the environment and civic participation would be the key foci. This policy dimension is returned to below. It is also interesting to note that social isolation (a measure of social exclusion) of the head of household has no bearing on the four well-being indicators. However, there are also other controlling factors that can be incorporated in the models determining child well-being besides poverty, age and gender. Using the structural equation framework with covariates allows several alternative model specifications to take into account different offsetting factors with respect to child welfare. There is already evidence from the UK that certain situations in childhood can ‘buck the trend’ in reducing the negative outcomes of child poverty. For example, Blanden (2006) has shown that parental interest (mainly the father for boys and the mother for girls) has a positive impact on adult educational outcomes. She also shows that higher educational attainment early in the child’s life has a positive impact later on as does the school’s characteristics and the social mix of the child’s school. So research has shown that there may be mediating effects (such as parenting or living in a good neighbourhood) that offset the deleterious impact of poverty and deprivation. For example, McCulloch and Joshi (2001) found using the National Child Development Survey that although poverty and living in disadvantaged neighbourhoods does correlate with lower test scores at school, the family environment and family support can offset this effect. In the US the extensive work of Aber and his colleagues has also shown that there are negative effects on child specific outcomes from poverty and material hardship and that cognitive and emotional outcomes are affected by low income and material hardship (e.g., Gershoff et al, n.d.), but that this is mediated by parental characteristics. With this idea of mediation in mind several alternative models have thus been estimated to take account of the following factors which are included as further controls in the models: Household composition (such as the presence of other children and single versus multiple adult households) Educational attainment of the household head Employment status of the head of household Income rather than multidimensional poverty indices The household composition model will enable an assessment of family relations and its impact on well-being. The education model will assess the impact of parental human capital irrespective of other considerations. While the employment and income models can be usefully compared with the Poverty Index model (in other words can income or employment status merely substitute for poverty)? These results are summarised in table 3 for wave 11 (2001). The models were essentially the same as shown in figure 2, but without including the Poverty Index as a control which confounded the income and employment status models (again because of multicollinearity). Household composition was tested by including a variable indicating whether the household was a single adult household (versus other types) and dummy variables representing the number of children in different age categories. The results show clearly the influence of adults is significant when it comes to home life and delinquency (whereas being a single adult household has no effect on anxiety or educational orientation). Single parent households are therefore at a possible disadvantage when it comes to controlling their children. Even when a control for income is included in this model in an attempt to separate out the impact of low income from single parenthood the single adult variable is still significant in the same way. The presence of other children or siblings appears to have no impact on the child respondent’s well-being. Education of the head of household also has an impact on home life and educational orientation of the child, but only where the household head is educated to a higher educational level (that is degree level). The models for employment status included variables for self-employed status, unemployed and non-employed (i.e. not working and not actively looking for a job). Clearly the household head not having a job has an effect on the child’s well-being (although this is also correlated with the Poverty Index). In the case of being non-employed (which includes housewives, the disabled, and other economically inactive people) this has an impact on all four well-being dimensions to the detriment of the child whereas being unemployed only affects home life and delinquency. Self-employment has no effect. One possible explanation for the difference between unemployed and non-employed effects might be a reflection of the impact of long-term poverty and deprivation on children. That is t hose household heads that are not economically active for one reason or another and classed as non-employed rather than unemployed may well suffer from longer periods of chronic financial hardship, whereas the unemployed may be intermittently working and thus have experienced periods where they were no longer poor. Table 3Effects of various controls on the basic well-being model with various controls in addition to age and gender of the child (wave 11). Significance level is 1%. Standardised coefficients shown.